Traditional Rights of Indigenous People in Indonesia: Legal Recognition and Court Interpretation
Keywords:
Ulayat Right, Adat Law Community, Indigenous People, land and territory, Indonesia
Abstract
Indigenous peoples are victims of agrarian conflict, but their existence are not recognized by Indonesia. Indonesia recognizes Adat Law Community, distinct community living in Indonesia according to their Adat Law, and their traditional right. This paper is written based on legal normative research to analyze right of Adat Law Community towards their land and territory; and rule of the court regarding right of Adat Law Community. Adat Law Community has strong relation with their land and territory, namely Ulayat Right which guaranteed in Constitution and regulated in various law and regulation, especially regarding natural resources. Recognition towards Ulayat Right held by Adat Law Community through regional law product is declaratory because it only confirms the exiting right. Court has prominent role to enforce right of Adat Law Community. Constitutional Court has revoked several provisions in law which neglect Ulayat Right of Adat Law Community, such as Adat Forest which defined as state forest located in Adat Law Community’s territory; and Right of Coastal Water which limits Ulayat Right of Adat Law Community to access natural resources in coastal area and small islands. Though Constitutional Court has strengthen right of Adat Law Community, this community still face difficulties to claim their right towards land and territory against government and investor before District Court, High Court, and Supreme Court because those Court more focus on formal legal certainty of Adat Law Community’s authorization towards their land and territory than factual authorization as narrated by the community.
References
Law, Regulation, and Decision
The 1945 Constitution Republic of Indonesia.
Law Number 5 of 1960 regarding Basic Agrarian.
Law Number 41 of 1999 regarding Forestry.
Law Number 21 of 2001 regarding Distinct Autonomy for Papua Province.
Law Number 7 of 2004 regarding Water Resources.
Law Number 27 of 2007 regarding Management of Coastal Area and Small Islands.
Law Number 18 of 2013 regarding Prevention and Eradication of Forest Destruction.
Law Number 1 of 2014 regarding Amendment of Law Number 27 of 2007 regarding Management of Coastal Area and Small Islands.
Law Number 23 of 2014 regarding Regional Government.
Law Number 39 of 2014 regarding Plantation.
Minister of Home Affair Regulation Number 15 of 1975 regarding Procedure to Release Land.
Minister of Home Affair Regulation Number 52 of 2014 regarding Guideline to Recognize and to Protect Indigenous Community.
Minister of Forestry and Environment Regulation Number 32 of 2015 regarding Forest with Title.
Minister of Agrarian and Spatial Planning/ Head of National Land Agency Regulation Number 10 of 2016 regarding Procedure to Stipulate Land Communal Right of Adat Law Community and Community in Particular Area.
West Sumatra Province Local Regulation Number 6 of 2008 regarding Ulayat Law and Its Utilization.
Right to Use Certificate Number 870 of 1982 holds by Irian Jaya (Papua) Local Government.
Court Decision
Constitutional Court Decision Number 058-059-060-063/PUU-II/2004 and 008/PUU-III/2005 dated 19 July 2005.
Constitutional Court Decision Number 3/PUU-VIII/2010 dated 9 June 2011.
Constitutional Court Decision Number 35/PUU-X/2012 dated 26 March 2013.
Constitutional Decision Number 85/PUU-XI/2013 dated 17 September 2014.
Supreme Court Decision Number 1112K/PDT/2010, dated 15th November 2010.
Supreme Court Decision Number 864K/Pdt/2015, dated 27 July 2015.
Padang High Court Decision Number 42/PDT/2009/PT.PDG, dated 22nd June 2009.
Jayapura District Court Decision Number 85/Pdt.G/2013/PN.Jpr, dated 7 April 2014.
Jayapura High Court Decision Number 53/PDT/2014/PT.JAP, dated 29 October 2014.
West Pasaman District Court Decision Number 17/PDT.G/2007/PN/PSB, dated 29th July 2008.
West Pasaman District Court Decision Number 05/PDT.G/2012/PN.PSB, dated 26th February 2013.
Article
Bosko, Rafael Edy, 2014, “Reconsidering the Inalienability of Communal Ulayat Rights: Theoretical Review”, article presented at the 19th ALIN Expert Forum Land Rights on Asian Countries conducted at Faculty of Law, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta on 12 June.
HuMa, “Outlook Konflik Sumberdaya Alam dan Agraria 2012: Membara, Menyebar, dan Meluas”, https://huma.or.id/home/pusat-database-dan-informasi/outlook-konflik-sumberdaya-alam-dan-agraria-2012-3.html, accessed on 21/03/2013, accessed 6 February 2019.
Sasmitha, Tody, 2016, “Masyarakat Hukum Adat: Persekutuan Hukum (Rechgemeenschappen) atau Subyek Hukum”, article delivered in Simposium Nasional Masyarakat Adat II in Universitas Pancasila conducted by copperation between Epistema Institute, Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara, Perkumpulan HuMa, Pusat Kajian Hukum Adat Djojodigoeno Universitas Gadjah Mada, Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pancasila, Jaringan Kerja Pemetaan Partisipatif, and Badan Registrasi Wilayah Adat on at 16-17 May.
Book and Book Chapter
Cahyono, Eko and YL. Franky, “Demi dan atas Nama MIFFE Suku Malind Dikorbankan” in Eko Cahyono, et. al. (Ed.), 2016, Konflik Agraria Masayrakat Hukum Adat atas Wilayahnya di Kawasan Hutan, Komini Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, retrieved from http://www.aman.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/BUKU-3-KONFLIK-AGRARIA-MASYARAKAT-HUKUM-ADAT-ATAS-WILAYAHNYA-DI-KAWASAN-HUTAN-.pdf.
Djojodigoeno, M.M., 1960, Harapan Hukum Adat Indonesia, Badan Penerbit Gadjah Mada, Jogjakarta.
Djojodigoeno, M.M., 1961, Asas-Asas Hukum Adat Kuliah Tahun 1960-1961 Djilid 1, Jajasan Badan Penerbit Gadjah Mada, Jogjakarta.
Feiring, Birgitte, 2013, Indigenous People’s Rights to Lands, Territories, and Resources, International Land Coalition, Rome.
Haar, Ter, 2013, Asas-Asas dan Susunan Hukum Adat, Translated by Soebakti Poesponoto, Balai Pustaka, East Jakarta.
Koesno, Moh., 1979, Catatan-Catatan terhadap Hukum Adat Dewasa Ini, Airlangga University Press, Surabaya.
Komite Nasional Pembaruan Agraria, “Indonesia Darurat Agraria: Luruskan Reforma Agraria dan Selesaikan Konflik-Konflik Agraria”, http://elsam.or.id/2017/09/indonesia-darurat-agraria-luruskan-reforma-agraria-dan-selesaikan-konflik-konflik-agraria/ accessed on 25/09/2017, accessed 6 February 2019.
Konsorsium Pembaruan Agraria, “Catatan Akhir Tahun 2017: Reforma Agraria di Bawah Bayangan Investasi Gaung Besar di Pinggiran Jalan”, http://kpa.or.id/assets/uploads/files/publikasi/d5a29-catahu-2017-kpa.pdf, acessed on 27/12/2017, accessed 6 February 2019.
Mamba, John, “Recognition “In Kind”: Indonesian Indigenous Peoples and State Legislation”, in Christian Erni (Ed.), 2008, The Concept of Indigenous Peoples in Asia A Resource Book, International Work Group for Indigenous People/Asia Indigenous People Pact Foundation, Copenhagen/Chiang Mai.
Sudiyat, Iman, 1981, Hukum Adat Sketsa Asas, Liberty, Yogyakarta.
Sumardjono, Maria S.W., 2009, Kebijakan Pertanahan antara Regulasi dan Implementasi, Kompas, Jakarta.
Sumardjono, Maria S.W., 2018, Regulasi Pertanahan dan Semangat Keadilan Agraria, STPN Press, Yogyakarta.
Tim Aman Maluku, “Lewati Nyawa Kami, Jika Mau Rampas Tanah Roma, in Eko Cahyono, et. al. (Ed.), 2016, Konflik Agraria Masayrakat Hukum Adat atas Wilayahnya di Kawasan Hutan, Komini Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, retrieved from http://www.aman.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/BUKU-3-KONFLIK-AGRARIA-MASYARAKAT-HUKUM-ADAT-ATAS-WILAYAHNYA-DI-KAWASAN-HUTAN-.pdf
Tim Inkuiri Nasional Komnas HAM, 2016, Inkuiri Nasional Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Hak Masayrakat Hukum Adat atas Wilayahnya di Kawasan Hutan, Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, retrieved from https://www.komnasham.go.id/files/20160530-inkuiri-nasional-komisi-nasional-$N60YN.pdf
Zagema, Bertram, 2011, Land and Power the Growing Scandal surrounding the New Wave of Investment in Land, Oxfam GB for Oxfam International, Oxford, retrieved from https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/142858/bp151-land-power-rights-acquisitions-220911-en.pdf;jsessionid=F05DCBF1CDB9F1670D4FC41B2001FAFE?sequence=32, accessed 21 March 2018.
Journal
Drbohlav, Petr and Jiri Hejkrlik, “Social and Economic Impacts on Lad Concessions on Rural Communities of Cambodia: Case Stydy of Botum Sakor National Park, IJAPS, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2018..
Ginting, Darwin, 2012, “Politik Hukum Agraria terhadap Hak Ulayat Masyarakat Hukum Adat di Indonesia”, Jurnal Hukum dan Pembangunan, Vol. 4..
Ginting, Wiranta Yudha and Cristina Espinosa, “Indigenous Resistance to Land Grabbing in Merauke, Indonesia: the Importance and Limits of Identity Politics and the Global-Local Coallitions”, International Journal of Social Science and Business, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2016..
Mutolib, Abdul, et. al., “Konflik Agraria dan Pelepasan Tanah Ulayat (Studi Kasus pada Masyarakat Suku Melayu di Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan Dharmasraya, Sumatera Barat)”, Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, Vol. 12, No. 3, 2015.
Obie, Muhammad, et. al., “Sejarah Penguasaan Sumber Daya Pesisir dan Laut di Teluk Tomini”, Paramita, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2015.
Sukirno, 2016, “Tindak Lanjut Pengakuan Hutan Adat Setelah Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 35/PUU-X/2012”, Masalah-Masalah Hukum, Vol. 45.
Sulastriyono and Sartika Intaning Pradhani, 2018, “Pemikiran Hukum Adat Djojodigoeno dan Relevansinya Kini”, Mimbar Hukum, Vol. 30, No. 449-464.
Susilaningsih, Tri, 2018, “Juridical Studies on the Communal Rights of Land according to Agrarian Law in Indonesia”, Journal of Law, Policy, and Globalization, Vol. 71.
Weiss, Edith Brown, 1990, Our Rights and Obligations towards Future Generations for the Environment, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 4, No. 2.
Research Report
Muhammad Obie, 2015, “Perampasan Hak Ulayat Pesisir dan Laut Komunitas Suku Bajo (Kasus Pengelolaan Sumber Daya PEsisir dan Laut di Teluk Tomini)”, Dissertation, Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bohor, retrieved from https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/75186.
The 1945 Constitution Republic of Indonesia.
Law Number 5 of 1960 regarding Basic Agrarian.
Law Number 41 of 1999 regarding Forestry.
Law Number 21 of 2001 regarding Distinct Autonomy for Papua Province.
Law Number 7 of 2004 regarding Water Resources.
Law Number 27 of 2007 regarding Management of Coastal Area and Small Islands.
Law Number 18 of 2013 regarding Prevention and Eradication of Forest Destruction.
Law Number 1 of 2014 regarding Amendment of Law Number 27 of 2007 regarding Management of Coastal Area and Small Islands.
Law Number 23 of 2014 regarding Regional Government.
Law Number 39 of 2014 regarding Plantation.
Minister of Home Affair Regulation Number 15 of 1975 regarding Procedure to Release Land.
Minister of Home Affair Regulation Number 52 of 2014 regarding Guideline to Recognize and to Protect Indigenous Community.
Minister of Forestry and Environment Regulation Number 32 of 2015 regarding Forest with Title.
Minister of Agrarian and Spatial Planning/ Head of National Land Agency Regulation Number 10 of 2016 regarding Procedure to Stipulate Land Communal Right of Adat Law Community and Community in Particular Area.
West Sumatra Province Local Regulation Number 6 of 2008 regarding Ulayat Law and Its Utilization.
Right to Use Certificate Number 870 of 1982 holds by Irian Jaya (Papua) Local Government.
Court Decision
Constitutional Court Decision Number 058-059-060-063/PUU-II/2004 and 008/PUU-III/2005 dated 19 July 2005.
Constitutional Court Decision Number 3/PUU-VIII/2010 dated 9 June 2011.
Constitutional Court Decision Number 35/PUU-X/2012 dated 26 March 2013.
Constitutional Decision Number 85/PUU-XI/2013 dated 17 September 2014.
Supreme Court Decision Number 1112K/PDT/2010, dated 15th November 2010.
Supreme Court Decision Number 864K/Pdt/2015, dated 27 July 2015.
Padang High Court Decision Number 42/PDT/2009/PT.PDG, dated 22nd June 2009.
Jayapura District Court Decision Number 85/Pdt.G/2013/PN.Jpr, dated 7 April 2014.
Jayapura High Court Decision Number 53/PDT/2014/PT.JAP, dated 29 October 2014.
West Pasaman District Court Decision Number 17/PDT.G/2007/PN/PSB, dated 29th July 2008.
West Pasaman District Court Decision Number 05/PDT.G/2012/PN.PSB, dated 26th February 2013.
Article
Bosko, Rafael Edy, 2014, “Reconsidering the Inalienability of Communal Ulayat Rights: Theoretical Review”, article presented at the 19th ALIN Expert Forum Land Rights on Asian Countries conducted at Faculty of Law, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta on 12 June.
HuMa, “Outlook Konflik Sumberdaya Alam dan Agraria 2012: Membara, Menyebar, dan Meluas”, https://huma.or.id/home/pusat-database-dan-informasi/outlook-konflik-sumberdaya-alam-dan-agraria-2012-3.html, accessed on 21/03/2013, accessed 6 February 2019.
Sasmitha, Tody, 2016, “Masyarakat Hukum Adat: Persekutuan Hukum (Rechgemeenschappen) atau Subyek Hukum”, article delivered in Simposium Nasional Masyarakat Adat II in Universitas Pancasila conducted by copperation between Epistema Institute, Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara, Perkumpulan HuMa, Pusat Kajian Hukum Adat Djojodigoeno Universitas Gadjah Mada, Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pancasila, Jaringan Kerja Pemetaan Partisipatif, and Badan Registrasi Wilayah Adat on at 16-17 May.
Book and Book Chapter
Cahyono, Eko and YL. Franky, “Demi dan atas Nama MIFFE Suku Malind Dikorbankan” in Eko Cahyono, et. al. (Ed.), 2016, Konflik Agraria Masayrakat Hukum Adat atas Wilayahnya di Kawasan Hutan, Komini Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, retrieved from http://www.aman.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/BUKU-3-KONFLIK-AGRARIA-MASYARAKAT-HUKUM-ADAT-ATAS-WILAYAHNYA-DI-KAWASAN-HUTAN-.pdf.
Djojodigoeno, M.M., 1960, Harapan Hukum Adat Indonesia, Badan Penerbit Gadjah Mada, Jogjakarta.
Djojodigoeno, M.M., 1961, Asas-Asas Hukum Adat Kuliah Tahun 1960-1961 Djilid 1, Jajasan Badan Penerbit Gadjah Mada, Jogjakarta.
Feiring, Birgitte, 2013, Indigenous People’s Rights to Lands, Territories, and Resources, International Land Coalition, Rome.
Haar, Ter, 2013, Asas-Asas dan Susunan Hukum Adat, Translated by Soebakti Poesponoto, Balai Pustaka, East Jakarta.
Koesno, Moh., 1979, Catatan-Catatan terhadap Hukum Adat Dewasa Ini, Airlangga University Press, Surabaya.
Komite Nasional Pembaruan Agraria, “Indonesia Darurat Agraria: Luruskan Reforma Agraria dan Selesaikan Konflik-Konflik Agraria”, http://elsam.or.id/2017/09/indonesia-darurat-agraria-luruskan-reforma-agraria-dan-selesaikan-konflik-konflik-agraria/ accessed on 25/09/2017, accessed 6 February 2019.
Konsorsium Pembaruan Agraria, “Catatan Akhir Tahun 2017: Reforma Agraria di Bawah Bayangan Investasi Gaung Besar di Pinggiran Jalan”, http://kpa.or.id/assets/uploads/files/publikasi/d5a29-catahu-2017-kpa.pdf, acessed on 27/12/2017, accessed 6 February 2019.
Mamba, John, “Recognition “In Kind”: Indonesian Indigenous Peoples and State Legislation”, in Christian Erni (Ed.), 2008, The Concept of Indigenous Peoples in Asia A Resource Book, International Work Group for Indigenous People/Asia Indigenous People Pact Foundation, Copenhagen/Chiang Mai.
Sudiyat, Iman, 1981, Hukum Adat Sketsa Asas, Liberty, Yogyakarta.
Sumardjono, Maria S.W., 2009, Kebijakan Pertanahan antara Regulasi dan Implementasi, Kompas, Jakarta.
Sumardjono, Maria S.W., 2018, Regulasi Pertanahan dan Semangat Keadilan Agraria, STPN Press, Yogyakarta.
Tim Aman Maluku, “Lewati Nyawa Kami, Jika Mau Rampas Tanah Roma, in Eko Cahyono, et. al. (Ed.), 2016, Konflik Agraria Masayrakat Hukum Adat atas Wilayahnya di Kawasan Hutan, Komini Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, retrieved from http://www.aman.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/BUKU-3-KONFLIK-AGRARIA-MASYARAKAT-HUKUM-ADAT-ATAS-WILAYAHNYA-DI-KAWASAN-HUTAN-.pdf
Tim Inkuiri Nasional Komnas HAM, 2016, Inkuiri Nasional Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Hak Masayrakat Hukum Adat atas Wilayahnya di Kawasan Hutan, Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, retrieved from https://www.komnasham.go.id/files/20160530-inkuiri-nasional-komisi-nasional-$N60YN.pdf
Zagema, Bertram, 2011, Land and Power the Growing Scandal surrounding the New Wave of Investment in Land, Oxfam GB for Oxfam International, Oxford, retrieved from https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/142858/bp151-land-power-rights-acquisitions-220911-en.pdf;jsessionid=F05DCBF1CDB9F1670D4FC41B2001FAFE?sequence=32, accessed 21 March 2018.
Journal
Drbohlav, Petr and Jiri Hejkrlik, “Social and Economic Impacts on Lad Concessions on Rural Communities of Cambodia: Case Stydy of Botum Sakor National Park, IJAPS, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2018..
Ginting, Darwin, 2012, “Politik Hukum Agraria terhadap Hak Ulayat Masyarakat Hukum Adat di Indonesia”, Jurnal Hukum dan Pembangunan, Vol. 4..
Ginting, Wiranta Yudha and Cristina Espinosa, “Indigenous Resistance to Land Grabbing in Merauke, Indonesia: the Importance and Limits of Identity Politics and the Global-Local Coallitions”, International Journal of Social Science and Business, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2016..
Mutolib, Abdul, et. al., “Konflik Agraria dan Pelepasan Tanah Ulayat (Studi Kasus pada Masyarakat Suku Melayu di Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan Dharmasraya, Sumatera Barat)”, Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, Vol. 12, No. 3, 2015.
Obie, Muhammad, et. al., “Sejarah Penguasaan Sumber Daya Pesisir dan Laut di Teluk Tomini”, Paramita, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2015.
Sukirno, 2016, “Tindak Lanjut Pengakuan Hutan Adat Setelah Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 35/PUU-X/2012”, Masalah-Masalah Hukum, Vol. 45.
Sulastriyono and Sartika Intaning Pradhani, 2018, “Pemikiran Hukum Adat Djojodigoeno dan Relevansinya Kini”, Mimbar Hukum, Vol. 30, No. 449-464.
Susilaningsih, Tri, 2018, “Juridical Studies on the Communal Rights of Land according to Agrarian Law in Indonesia”, Journal of Law, Policy, and Globalization, Vol. 71.
Weiss, Edith Brown, 1990, Our Rights and Obligations towards Future Generations for the Environment, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 4, No. 2.
Research Report
Muhammad Obie, 2015, “Perampasan Hak Ulayat Pesisir dan Laut Komunitas Suku Bajo (Kasus Pengelolaan Sumber Daya PEsisir dan Laut di Teluk Tomini)”, Dissertation, Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bohor, retrieved from https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/75186.
Published
2019-07-12
How to Cite
Pradhani, S. (2019). Traditional Rights of Indigenous People in Indonesia: Legal Recognition and Court Interpretation. Jambe Law Journal, 1(2), 177-205. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22437/jlj.1.2.177-205
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